At the heart of photobiomodulation is its effect on mitochondria—the energy-producing organelles within every cell. When red and near-infrared light penetrates your tissues, it’s absorbed by cytochrome c oxidase (CCO), a photosensitive enzyme in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This absorption has several profound effects.

First, it increases ATP production—the cellular energy currency that powers virtually every biological process including repair, regeneration, and immune function. Second, it modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS), reducing oxidative stress while maintaining the beneficial signaling functions of these molecules. Third, it releases nitric oxide from CCO, improving local blood flow and oxygen delivery.

When applied to the whole body, these effects become systemic. Rather than treating one painful area, you’re supporting mitochondrial function throughout your entire system—in muscles, joints, organs, brain tissue, and the immune system.